Formation of chloroacetic acids and chloral hydrate from humic substances during aqueous chlorination.

Formation of chloroacetic acids from soil, humic acid and phenolic moieties.

The mechanism of formation of chloroacetates, which are important toxic environmental substances, has been controversial. Whereas the anthropogenic production has been well established, a natural formation has also been suggested. In this study the natural formation of chloroacetic acids from soil, as well as from humic material which is present in soil and from phenolic model substances has be...

Chloral and Chloral Hydrate

These substances were considered by a previous Working Group, in February 1995 (IARC, 1995). Since that time, new data have become available and these have been incorporated into the monograph and taken into consideration in the present evaluation.

Chloral and Chloral Hydrate

Chloral hydrate

Major uses Chloral hydrate (synthesized in 1832 and introduced into medicine 1869) is the oldest member of sedative-hypnotic drugs. To the same group belong paraldehyde, bromide, urethane, and sulfonal. Metabolite of chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol, is also an excellent hypnotic agent, but is not often used as such due to its physical and irritant properties. At present, chloral hydrate is la...

NDMA formation during chlorination and chloramination of aqueous diuron solutions.

Formation of the potent carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chlorine disinfection of water containing secondary amines is now generally acknowledged. The phenylurea herbicide diuron is one of the most widely used herbicides in California, has been frequently detected in California's water sources with a transient nature of appearance, and has a structure that suggests it might be an...